Introduction
Nepal, a newly borne republic is currently in most difficult condition in terms of politics and economy making nationality weaker and republic doubtful. Peace Process which started after 12-points agreement between 7-parties alliance and Maoists was always doubtful as many questions have been rising in implementation of agreements. Due to this, economy which is result of foreign aid and remittances is also going downwards. As political parties especially Maoists think that they must capture each and every sector, nation is still unable to practice democracy and market economy properly. It is universal fact that market economy and democracy are supplementary to each other. But in absence of perfect democracy, market and public oriented institutions are being ineffective. As a result free access of poor people in business is still not in good condition. As poor people are always susceptible, to be used by extremists and communists against democracy so there requires large reforms in political methodology and institutions to make more access of poor people in market and to make them benefited by business. Great introduction
Political Analysis
Actually politics in Nepal is of amazing type. History says that politics is mainly done for gaining resources that are already present rather than for identifying possible new resources of opportunities. The nation started to walk towards democracy after people's movement in 1950.But due to problems in leaders and King, it was kidnapped by King in 1960 and autocratic system called `Panchayat` continued until 1990.But after 1995, country bounded to fight a civil war against the Maoist party. In 2006, Maoist was called to be landed in Peace Process. During the periods between 1995 and 2006, many lost their lives. But Maoist attacked especially cadres of different parties. As a result people believing in other ideology left rural areas. During the periods they gave bigger slogans against India and U.S.A. But their dual activity shows that they just want to get control over the nation either by threatening others or by attacking cadres of other parties. In fact this nation is in process of polarization where in one hand there will be parties calling themselves democrats and in other and Maoists who say that they won't accept diversification in political ideology in constitution to be written, in other hand. But in between ideological conflicts between these aspects, ordinary people are being suffered. The example of either of Maoist attack in Parliament or the different agendas submitted by 3-top Maoists leaders during their 4th extended meeting in Palungtar shows that writing new constitution is very doubtful. Because although Maoists leaders are not unified in terms of when to organize people's revolution against old system but they are unified to organize revolution. For that they have focused on strengthening YCL .In addition as they have included their armies in their meetings rejecting the orders of UNMIN.This symbolizes that Maoists still think their armies as weapon to capture nation. So such activities seem as obstacle for integration of armies. Either the attack on Himal media or the frequent attack on Rampur Agriculture campus by Maoists suggests that Nepal is still going downwards in terms of bringing democracy, free media etc., .As a result of conflict between the internal forces, country has been field for game of neighboring countries. As India tries to make Nepalese politics in their favor and similarly China is also increasing its appearance .So this nation has been buffer zone state between India and china as suggested by Charulata Hogg of Chatham House. Based on this we can say that politics is in severe condition. To break this, internal forces must come to one place. For that Maoists must wake up from their dream of People's Republic and other parties also accept their defeat in election. Excellent analysis, though the situation is unfortunate
Business Analysis
Actually business is defined as a difference between particular sets of regulations governing particular sets of arrangements and their environments. Institutional environment, with some properties of goods and contracting parties determines the structure and terms of markets arrangements (Dorward, 2001).As Nepal is a low income economy in world, market and business in Nepal are characterized by high transaction cost and risks, weak information flows and weak institutional environment .Thus characters with smaller resources either political or financial, are facing higher cost in accessing information and in enforcing property rights in markets. As a result these costs are inhibiting market development and also the access of poor people in market is not satisfactory. Due to this high cost, both the economic and technological development is reducing. In addition due to the high transaction cost in a market of lower economy like Nepal, market is being thin as majority of people in rural areas do not have access to the market and thus business condition of Nepal is just like `Low Level Equilibrium Trap`.]
Fig: institutions and Low Level Equilibrium Trap (Dorward et. al, 2003)
As a result of this low level equilibrium traps not many foreign investors are being attracted towards Nepalese business. But for this political deadlock is responsible very much.
Political Reform Priorities
As stated above Nepal needs large scale political reform for establishment and stabilization of democratic constitution. As we cannot get victory over other provided internal forces are segregated. So all parties must come to one place. I think the first and foremost thing to be done for establishment of democratic institutions is safe land of Maoist armies in society as different news of involvement of Maoist armies in different crime acts is reported. The only reason why People are poor both physically and mentally is because still none of parties have formally given commitment for improvement of living standards of poor people. Some have given but for popularity only. Parties calling themselves democrats must be serious as nation is near to Scandinavian countries where democrats became success to break growing communist by bringing different popular, poor and marginalized people oriented packages because studies show that Nepalese can no more sustain extortions and social insecurity created due to YCL.So if democratic parties being serious address problems of majorities and threats over nationality, future of democracy is good. good
Business Reform Priorities
Actually business in here is left with critical questions such as how institutional, technological, social and economic development can proceed through business and how different market stakeholders can promote development paths that will involve and benefit the poor as their population is still in majority and they are important for stabilization of democracy. So priorities should be given towards political economy of institutional change. North, 1990 have provided a background on effect of different ways of institutional transformation on economic development through business. Great reference Institutional change can be brought up by the responses of stronger groups or political consensus. In case of Nepal institutional change brought up on the effort of political consensus will be sustainable. In addition to considering process of institutional change, types of institutional change must be considered if Nepalese business and society is to climb out of the `Low Level Equilibrium Trap'. Community based organizations, micro-finance groups although are not parts of competitive market but can work well for the benefit of poor so these organizations must be promoted to check unrealistic demands on governments and also to prevent from facing serious problem of state failure caused due to market institution failure.
Niraj – this is an excellent essay. I enjoyed reading it.
Role of Business Community
Business communities are vital to establish democratic and market oriented institutions. In case of today`s condition of globalization role of business community is increased. Mainly they can work by
1) Providing financial assistance to the emerging institutions.
2) They can help institutions to bring packages in favor of poor people so that they can be involved in democracy and business,
3) They can advocate for liberalization, transparency and accountability in institutions by forming a forum. yes
4) They can organize different programs in co-ordination with civil society, media for liberalization and democracy in markets.
Conclusion
The first and foremost matter for the establishment of democratic and market-oriented institutions is political commitment by leaders. Due to instability and extreme nature of political parties, development of democracy and effect of market institution is not satisfactory. As business in Nepal is just like `Low Level Equilibrium Trap', poor people do not have still access to market and business and also foreign investors are not being attracted. Therefore for solution of this political commitment and implementation of commitment is needed for liberalization of the business institutions and also to increase CBOs and micro-finance institute in order to integrate poor and marginalized people into mainstream of democracy. Business communities can play a key role for proper development and effectiveness of such established institutes by making environments .Government should also help them to reduce unrealistic demands on Government in order to prevent from state failure caused by market imbalance.
References:
1) Dorward, A. and J. Kydd (2004) ‘The Malawi 2002 Food Crisis: The Rural Development Challenge’, Journal of Modern African Studies 42(3): 343–61.
2) Dorward, A., J. Kydd, J. A. Morrison and I. Urey (2004) ‘A Policy Agenda for Pro-Poor Agricultural Growth’, World Development 32(1): 73–89.
3) Dorward, A., N. Poole, J. A. Morrison, J. Kydd and I. Urey (2003) ‘Markets, Institutions and Technology: Missing Links in Livelihoods Analysis’, Development Policy Review 21(3): 319–32.
4) North, D. C. (1990) Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
5)http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/publications/twt/archive/view/-/id/2041/
6) http://blog.com.np/2008/12/21/maoist-the-party-of-prime-minister-attacks-himalmedia- the-newspaper-house/
7) http://hamropalo.com/nepal_news/12-students-injured-in-ycl-attack.html 8) 8) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Nepal
Sunday, February 13, 2011
Friday, January 7, 2011
Climate Change and Koshi River.
Really the climate change is becoming threat to human beings especially to the people from developing nations like Nepal are most vulnerable to this.As an example we can read about the big flood in Koshi river.Many lost their lives,many lost their houses and the most important thing is that the flood covered thousand hectares of agriculture land with sand and stone which made the land unfertile for many generations.The Terai region which is known as the food basket of Nepal is also becoming not able cultivate.This is leaving a serious questions to all of us.One question may be how the country can feed its own citizen provided the Karnali and other many regions are declared as food insecure region?Another question is that how to reduce the price of foods so that even poor people can have access to food? As Nepal is still dependent upon India and other countries for foods.Due to climate change,the country has to buy more food or have to beg from other countries.So the most important question will be is it possible to maintain a sovereign relationship with other nations if the problem of climate change over hits Nepal.In my view in coming few decades the climate change is sure to affect the foreign relation of Nepal.
So my friends,we must concentrate on these questions.We have to increase the internal production.But how can we do that?It is one of the difficult questions.We have to seek new probabilities of internal production.The stories about increasing tourism and establishing hydro power from excess water have been heard since our childhood.But what are the results of the stories,we should focus on that.
I believe in such case we have to commercialize agriculture because when we see the history of USA and other developed nations we can draw themes that their current progress is because they had started from progress in their agriculture.This means in the fertile lands we have to start commercializing agriculture rather than adopting subsistence type of agriculture.
Wednesday, January 5, 2011
Democracy and Free Markets
Democracy
Democracy is that governance system in which power is derived from citizen either by referendum or by means of elected representatives. Democracy has not universally accepted definition as UK practices one type of democracy and USA and India practice another type of democracy. But in all of the above democracy equality and freedom are regarded as commonalities of democracy. Famous American president Abraham Lincoln has said that democracy is the rule of people, by the people and for the people. Thus, by this definition we may conclude that in democracy every citizen has equal value and equal access to resources. Like other countries, Nepal has been also struggling for democracy since 1950 AD. But due to problems in Nepalese leaders and King, it is still juvenile. But it is always clear that democracy will be stable only when we talk about freedom and act accordingly from grass root level. But in case of Nepal, the reform and democratization has always been the slogan of national leaders. Democracy is still in danger in Nepal where in one hand there is threat of communist extremist and in another hand there is threat of extreme reactionists force. This condition was originated after Maoists integration in peace process. Thus, the democracy in Nepal will be of bright future if the parties calling themselves democratic practice their works, forming the poor people oriented policy.
Market economy
Market economy is that economy based on the power of division of labor. Prices of goods are determined in a free price system set by: supply and demand. Market economy is also different from planned economy in which the market is captured by government in fixed price system basis. Similarly, market economy is also different from the mixed economy in which the government may influence the market partly. In today's condition, there is no existence of market economy as the government influences the market policy to some extent directly or indirectly in price fixing of goods. But economist Ludwig von Mises has said that economy is still market economy if the government intervenes in the fixing of price of goods. Market economy is different from the capitalism in the sense capitalism assumes people as labor for the benefit of certain group of people who has capital. This is more the argument of what Karl Marx would say about capitalism – for more information on the different types of capitalism, check out this video that summarizes the four different types of capitalism as identified by Robert Litan: oligarchic capitalism (which is what you were referring to, I believe), big-firm capitalism, state-guided capitalism, and entrepreneurial capitalism. You can find the link here: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gOxM00nWgc0 )That group of people behaves other people having low capital as machine for producing their goods of interest.
Theory of market economy
Market economy is the free-market economy. The political freedom is only possible when there is free market. Thus, free-market economy is helpful for civil and political freedom and institutional reform as well. Economist Friedman has stated that economic freedom is simply a pre-requisite for political freedom. By enabling people to co-operate with one another without coercion it reduces the area over which political power is exercised. Interesting
Inter-relationship between market economy and democracy
In democracy market economy, exists partly but market economy without democracy is s bind. It is blind in the sense that people is free to do everything except sharing the l powers. That means there is sharing of wealth in market economy but not sharing of powers. Free market leads to sharing of power but power may not lead to free market unless the leaders are not unaware of its advantages. The best example of countries where there is market economy but not democracy is gulf countries. Gulf countries like Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait etc. where people are running their own enterprises but in the decision making process there is only presence of King family. General people conduct their enterprise but they are not able to speak against their king i.e. no freedom of talk.
Although they are conducting their own enterprise but in front of king family run enterprise, they are unable to get benefits of stock share. This is an example of power domination due to which they are not able to get benefited from the business. The rulers in these country has fear that the economic growth in there nations will be reduced if the political power is given to the people. So the parties are not in existence, freedom in opinion is not available. In other words, there is not democracy. Thus, without market economy, democracy is lamb and without democracy, market economy is under dictatorship.
Conclusion
Freedom i.e. democracy brings freedom in economy and freedom in economy brings civil freedom. In another words market economy and democracy are complementary to each other.
References:
1) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy
2) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_economy
3) http://www.america.gov/st/democracyhr-english/2008/June/20080611144228ebyessedo2.224368e-02.html
Thank you for your essay – nice job and keep up the good work.
Democracy is that governance system in which power is derived from citizen either by referendum or by means of elected representatives. Democracy has not universally accepted definition as UK practices one type of democracy and USA and India practice another type of democracy. But in all of the above democracy equality and freedom are regarded as commonalities of democracy. Famous American president Abraham Lincoln has said that democracy is the rule of people, by the people and for the people. Thus, by this definition we may conclude that in democracy every citizen has equal value and equal access to resources. Like other countries, Nepal has been also struggling for democracy since 1950 AD. But due to problems in Nepalese leaders and King, it is still juvenile. But it is always clear that democracy will be stable only when we talk about freedom and act accordingly from grass root level. But in case of Nepal, the reform and democratization has always been the slogan of national leaders. Democracy is still in danger in Nepal where in one hand there is threat of communist extremist and in another hand there is threat of extreme reactionists force. This condition was originated after Maoists integration in peace process. Thus, the democracy in Nepal will be of bright future if the parties calling themselves democratic practice their works, forming the poor people oriented policy.
Market economy
Market economy is that economy based on the power of division of labor. Prices of goods are determined in a free price system set by: supply and demand. Market economy is also different from planned economy in which the market is captured by government in fixed price system basis. Similarly, market economy is also different from the mixed economy in which the government may influence the market partly. In today's condition, there is no existence of market economy as the government influences the market policy to some extent directly or indirectly in price fixing of goods. But economist Ludwig von Mises has said that economy is still market economy if the government intervenes in the fixing of price of goods. Market economy is different from the capitalism in the sense capitalism assumes people as labor for the benefit of certain group of people who has capital. This is more the argument of what Karl Marx would say about capitalism – for more information on the different types of capitalism, check out this video that summarizes the four different types of capitalism as identified by Robert Litan: oligarchic capitalism (which is what you were referring to, I believe), big-firm capitalism, state-guided capitalism, and entrepreneurial capitalism. You can find the link here: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gOxM00nWgc0 )That group of people behaves other people having low capital as machine for producing their goods of interest.
Theory of market economy
Market economy is the free-market economy. The political freedom is only possible when there is free market. Thus, free-market economy is helpful for civil and political freedom and institutional reform as well. Economist Friedman has stated that economic freedom is simply a pre-requisite for political freedom. By enabling people to co-operate with one another without coercion it reduces the area over which political power is exercised. Interesting
Inter-relationship between market economy and democracy
In democracy market economy, exists partly but market economy without democracy is s bind. It is blind in the sense that people is free to do everything except sharing the l powers. That means there is sharing of wealth in market economy but not sharing of powers. Free market leads to sharing of power but power may not lead to free market unless the leaders are not unaware of its advantages. The best example of countries where there is market economy but not democracy is gulf countries. Gulf countries like Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait etc. where people are running their own enterprises but in the decision making process there is only presence of King family. General people conduct their enterprise but they are not able to speak against their king i.e. no freedom of talk.
Although they are conducting their own enterprise but in front of king family run enterprise, they are unable to get benefits of stock share. This is an example of power domination due to which they are not able to get benefited from the business. The rulers in these country has fear that the economic growth in there nations will be reduced if the political power is given to the people. So the parties are not in existence, freedom in opinion is not available. In other words, there is not democracy. Thus, without market economy, democracy is lamb and without democracy, market economy is under dictatorship.
Conclusion
Freedom i.e. democracy brings freedom in economy and freedom in economy brings civil freedom. In another words market economy and democracy are complementary to each other.
References:
1) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy
2) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_economy
3) http://www.america.gov/st/democracyhr-english/2008/June/20080611144228ebyessedo2.224368e-02.html
Thank you for your essay – nice job and keep up the good work.
Governance in Nepal
Governance
Governance is the way in which authority in a country is exercised. In another word governance is way in which decision is made and how thus made decisions are implemented for common interest or not. There are generally not measures of governance. However World Bank has made 3oo criteria for measuring governance which fall into
• Voice a accountability
• Political stability and absence of major violence terrorism
• States of corruptions
• Rule of laws
• Regularity of quality
• Government effectiveness
Based on these criteria, it is said that good government includes economics dimension political dimension institutional dimension. Government is main actor of political dimension which enforces the law and participation of almost all sectors, genders races in decision making process then make the governance sustainable and stable. In case of Nepal, it is marred with political instability. Until todays the country is unable to get new prime minister although former prime minister resigned from his post 4 months ago. In important posts of different organizations ranging from school to ministries, people are appointed in political basis. This system is eventually weakening democracy where all citizens are waiting for new democratic constitution. Biggest party i.e. Nepal Communist Party Maoism & third biggest party Unified Marxism and Leninism have established semi- militarized body in name of Young Communist League &Youth Force consequently. This is weakening security system of government. There is little access of government in rural areas which has been center of YCL where no people can express their view against bad works of YCL and Maoist, if they express they have to suffer from heavy physical loss. Even university and Medias are unsafe. For example I am a university student. Before 2 years ago, YCL attacked us and we were injured severely. Similarly we can take the attack of YCL on Himal National Daily as example. Extortion has been daily routine of YCL and Youth Force. Company owners are tired due to the extortion. Many thousands of people are bounded to leave their home as the Maoist cadres are still capturing their land and home.
Governance and Anti-Corruption
Good governance is an ideological concept and similar to anti-corruption. When there is good governance in a country, the decision making process is transparent and voice of even minority is heard. Due to this concerned organization or people are unable to do corruption. (Explain this in more detail. How does transparency and participation combat corruption specifically?) In case of Nepal, in decision making process only planning officers and the main officers of the organizations are involved and money obtained for implementing the plans are used by them. Later they are not punished by the government as ministers are also corrupted.2-3 months ago, in deforestation, the direct involvement of forest minister Deepak Bohara was reported according to Medias and civil society but the PM couldn't do anything. If there were no transition, no political instability and was rule of law i.e. good governance, then such activities would never happen. This expresses relation between good governance and anti-corruption. Such issues of involvement of political leaders in corruption are heard frequently. In famous Lauda and Dhamija airlines Corruption issues, former late prime Minister was reported to be directly involved but nothing happened against him. (Great example to explain how corruption exists where good governance is lacking)
Good Governance and Support to Entrepreneurship
Good governance provides democratic right to every investor to invest money. It also creates condition for people to establish their own enterprise. When threat such as extortions is available; no one wants to establish enterprise as there is no guarantee of success of his enterprise. In case of Nepal many multinational companies have left due to activities of workers belonging to Maoist. Closing of Surya Cigarette Company, different cement industries, different five star hotels due to the activities of Maoists workers are general in Nepal. Besides this there is no insurance to the company owner in government level. This is lessening the number of entrepreneurs in Nepal and also increasing brain drain as well. This doesn't mean that in Nepal there are no entrepreneurs. Famous Ramon Magassese Prize laureate Mahabir Pun is successful entrepreneur who is conducting his occupation in the field of wireless internet connection in rural areas of Nepal. (Another great example)
Conclusion
Nepal is in peace process since 2006.Hope of all citizens is that they will get good governance after getting new federal democratic constitution. But achievements we have gained today are not satisfactory as problems of extortions, bribery, and political appointment are still prevalent. Due to this many of those people who are able to establish enterprises are leaving nation but many of them are running their own enterprises. But if possible, the government must go ahead for making provision of insurance to those entrepreneurs.
Overall you have done a great job with this essay. Your use of real examples from Nepal supports your argument nicely.
References
•www.nepalnews.com/archive/2008/nov12/news01.php
•www.hindustantimes.com/In-Nepal-Maoists-dictionary-extortion-means-donation/Article1-538574.aspx.
•www.nepalmonitor.com/2008/12/deploring_attacks_himalmedia_other_newsoutlets.html.
•http://hamropalo.com/nepal_news/12-students-injured-in-ycl-attack.html.
• Daniel Kaufmann: Article Name` Back to Basics 10 Myths about Governance and Corruption` Finance and Development Magazine, September 2005, Volume 42, Number
3
• www.wikipedia.org/governance
,
Governance is the way in which authority in a country is exercised. In another word governance is way in which decision is made and how thus made decisions are implemented for common interest or not. There are generally not measures of governance. However World Bank has made 3oo criteria for measuring governance which fall into
• Voice a accountability
• Political stability and absence of major violence terrorism
• States of corruptions
• Rule of laws
• Regularity of quality
• Government effectiveness
Based on these criteria, it is said that good government includes economics dimension political dimension institutional dimension. Government is main actor of political dimension which enforces the law and participation of almost all sectors, genders races in decision making process then make the governance sustainable and stable. In case of Nepal, it is marred with political instability. Until todays the country is unable to get new prime minister although former prime minister resigned from his post 4 months ago. In important posts of different organizations ranging from school to ministries, people are appointed in political basis. This system is eventually weakening democracy where all citizens are waiting for new democratic constitution. Biggest party i.e. Nepal Communist Party Maoism & third biggest party Unified Marxism and Leninism have established semi- militarized body in name of Young Communist League &Youth Force consequently. This is weakening security system of government. There is little access of government in rural areas which has been center of YCL where no people can express their view against bad works of YCL and Maoist, if they express they have to suffer from heavy physical loss. Even university and Medias are unsafe. For example I am a university student. Before 2 years ago, YCL attacked us and we were injured severely. Similarly we can take the attack of YCL on Himal National Daily as example. Extortion has been daily routine of YCL and Youth Force. Company owners are tired due to the extortion. Many thousands of people are bounded to leave their home as the Maoist cadres are still capturing their land and home.
Governance and Anti-Corruption
Good governance is an ideological concept and similar to anti-corruption. When there is good governance in a country, the decision making process is transparent and voice of even minority is heard. Due to this concerned organization or people are unable to do corruption. (Explain this in more detail. How does transparency and participation combat corruption specifically?) In case of Nepal, in decision making process only planning officers and the main officers of the organizations are involved and money obtained for implementing the plans are used by them. Later they are not punished by the government as ministers are also corrupted.2-3 months ago, in deforestation, the direct involvement of forest minister Deepak Bohara was reported according to Medias and civil society but the PM couldn't do anything. If there were no transition, no political instability and was rule of law i.e. good governance, then such activities would never happen. This expresses relation between good governance and anti-corruption. Such issues of involvement of political leaders in corruption are heard frequently. In famous Lauda and Dhamija airlines Corruption issues, former late prime Minister was reported to be directly involved but nothing happened against him. (Great example to explain how corruption exists where good governance is lacking)
Good Governance and Support to Entrepreneurship
Good governance provides democratic right to every investor to invest money. It also creates condition for people to establish their own enterprise. When threat such as extortions is available; no one wants to establish enterprise as there is no guarantee of success of his enterprise. In case of Nepal many multinational companies have left due to activities of workers belonging to Maoist. Closing of Surya Cigarette Company, different cement industries, different five star hotels due to the activities of Maoists workers are general in Nepal. Besides this there is no insurance to the company owner in government level. This is lessening the number of entrepreneurs in Nepal and also increasing brain drain as well. This doesn't mean that in Nepal there are no entrepreneurs. Famous Ramon Magassese Prize laureate Mahabir Pun is successful entrepreneur who is conducting his occupation in the field of wireless internet connection in rural areas of Nepal. (Another great example)
Conclusion
Nepal is in peace process since 2006.Hope of all citizens is that they will get good governance after getting new federal democratic constitution. But achievements we have gained today are not satisfactory as problems of extortions, bribery, and political appointment are still prevalent. Due to this many of those people who are able to establish enterprises are leaving nation but many of them are running their own enterprises. But if possible, the government must go ahead for making provision of insurance to those entrepreneurs.
Overall you have done a great job with this essay. Your use of real examples from Nepal supports your argument nicely.
References
•www.nepalnews.com/archive/2008/nov12/news01.php
•www.hindustantimes.com/In-Nepal-Maoists-dictionary-extortion-means-donation/Article1-538574.aspx.
•www.nepalmonitor.com/2008/12/deploring_attacks_himalmedia_other_newsoutlets.html.
•http://hamropalo.com/nepal_news/12-students-injured-in-ycl-attack.html.
• Daniel Kaufmann: Article Name` Back to Basics 10 Myths about Governance and Corruption` Finance and Development Magazine, September 2005, Volume 42, Number
3
• www.wikipedia.org/governance
,
Business & society in Nepal
Background
Nepal is one of developing countries. Still in rural areas people use to fulfill their needs by exchanging goods. But with rising concept of money people have established small to medium scale of businesses. But large scale of businesses is rare. Several types of problems are prevalent in doing businesses. Political instability, lack of social security and incapability of government to bring clear visions about how to reduce current unemployment problem by making people attracted towards businesses are major problems.
Types of business in Nepal
There are many types of business in Nepal and the type based on generation of income includes
• Agriculture: - Nepal is an agricultural country. More than 80% of population is dependent upon this business directly or indirectly. The agricultural business shares 38.15% of national GDP (MOAC, 2004).
• Mining business: - Large mining enterprises do not exist in Nepal. Small mining firms are established. Mining business shares only 0.5% of GDP and limestone is most important in Nepal. Cement industries are established in many parts of country. There are 256 mining business firms.
• Manufacturers business: - Nepal is independent in noodle, soap, matches and other physical goods. However no physical goods such as cars, bus, are manufactured. But nowadays motorbike, mobiles are manufactured.
• Real state: - Not many people are attracted in this business as they think it is not a viable proposition. However small numbers of people are engaged in this business and only in Katmandu.
• Retailers and distribution business: - Actual data are not found .However it has been said that 60% of businessmen do this business as it is easier to establish consumer oriented shops.
• Service business: - Nowadays trend of establishment of restaurants, consulting firms is also increasing. However these service firms are established only in town but lack in rural areas.
• Transportation business: - deliver goods and individuals from location to locations, generating a profit on the transportation costs .e.g. DHI, FedEx
• Financial business: - There are 180 types of financial institutions in Nepal and simultaneously large numbers of co-operatives are established. They generate profit through investment.
Business and people
Due to incapability of Government to provide enough job opportunities, people are attracted towards self entrepreneurship so the program of self employment brought by Maoist during their 9-months rule became famous. Small types of businesses such as production of ghee, collection of wool in Himalaya region have been regular activities of people. Similarly nowadays many people returned back from Golf countries have established poultry firms. As poultry business brings profit in shorter periods of time. Similarly pashmina of Nepal is also used to export to USA. But due to extra tax by India on way creates problem. As salary from government is not enough to feed families, people are attracted to be self entrepreneur than to be engaged in government service. Similarly many people are attracted towards improving lifestyle by keeping cattle, buffalo, goats to sell milk and meat respectively. So due to this we can say in coming future, many people will improve their lifestyle by doing such businesses.
Business & public policy advocacy
Business firms must be active participants in policy issues before government policy makers. For example in Nepal, an organization named Clean Energy Nepal is always lobbying for use of greener technology in public. Similarly it is working for the spread of knowledge about adaptation and mitigation of climate change in public level. It gives pressure to government to bring renewable energy, clean energy technique effective in public level from state in climate change. Such works make clear about energy policy and can help people to find opportunities for business. Generally business firms can be engaged in public policy advocacy as
• Forming public policy strategy.
• Working to formation of tax policy for encouraging investment of public in business.
• Giving legal support for lobbying legislation
• Appearing on various government organized forums and conferences to find whether policy is public oriented or not.
Conclusion
Nepal is not an industrialized country. So there is lack of large level of businesses however small scale of business types has been daily routine of people even in rural areas. To promote business in country, government and already established larger business firms should try to bring program like self entrepreneurship. But for that government must improve current tax system and should provide security and business firm should advocate for that.
Niraj – this is a nice essay that is well-tied to Nepal. Keep up the good work!
References
∙John C. Wu, 1997: Article name: The Mineral Industry of Nepal
∙en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business
∙http://www.list-of-companies.org/Nepal/Business_Services/
∙MOAC, 2004: Annual Report of Ministry of Agriculture and Co-operatives, Nepal, 2004.
∙www.cen.org.np
∙http://www.nepal.com/real-estate/
∙http://siteresources.worldbank.org/NEPALEXTN/Resources/publications/415830-1174327112210/ch1.pdf
Nepal is one of developing countries. Still in rural areas people use to fulfill their needs by exchanging goods. But with rising concept of money people have established small to medium scale of businesses. But large scale of businesses is rare. Several types of problems are prevalent in doing businesses. Political instability, lack of social security and incapability of government to bring clear visions about how to reduce current unemployment problem by making people attracted towards businesses are major problems.
Types of business in Nepal
There are many types of business in Nepal and the type based on generation of income includes
• Agriculture: - Nepal is an agricultural country. More than 80% of population is dependent upon this business directly or indirectly. The agricultural business shares 38.15% of national GDP (MOAC, 2004).
• Mining business: - Large mining enterprises do not exist in Nepal. Small mining firms are established. Mining business shares only 0.5% of GDP and limestone is most important in Nepal. Cement industries are established in many parts of country. There are 256 mining business firms.
• Manufacturers business: - Nepal is independent in noodle, soap, matches and other physical goods. However no physical goods such as cars, bus, are manufactured. But nowadays motorbike, mobiles are manufactured.
• Real state: - Not many people are attracted in this business as they think it is not a viable proposition. However small numbers of people are engaged in this business and only in Katmandu.
• Retailers and distribution business: - Actual data are not found .However it has been said that 60% of businessmen do this business as it is easier to establish consumer oriented shops.
• Service business: - Nowadays trend of establishment of restaurants, consulting firms is also increasing. However these service firms are established only in town but lack in rural areas.
• Transportation business: - deliver goods and individuals from location to locations, generating a profit on the transportation costs .e.g. DHI, FedEx
• Financial business: - There are 180 types of financial institutions in Nepal and simultaneously large numbers of co-operatives are established. They generate profit through investment.
Business and people
Due to incapability of Government to provide enough job opportunities, people are attracted towards self entrepreneurship so the program of self employment brought by Maoist during their 9-months rule became famous. Small types of businesses such as production of ghee, collection of wool in Himalaya region have been regular activities of people. Similarly nowadays many people returned back from Golf countries have established poultry firms. As poultry business brings profit in shorter periods of time. Similarly pashmina of Nepal is also used to export to USA. But due to extra tax by India on way creates problem. As salary from government is not enough to feed families, people are attracted to be self entrepreneur than to be engaged in government service. Similarly many people are attracted towards improving lifestyle by keeping cattle, buffalo, goats to sell milk and meat respectively. So due to this we can say in coming future, many people will improve their lifestyle by doing such businesses.
Business & public policy advocacy
Business firms must be active participants in policy issues before government policy makers. For example in Nepal, an organization named Clean Energy Nepal is always lobbying for use of greener technology in public. Similarly it is working for the spread of knowledge about adaptation and mitigation of climate change in public level. It gives pressure to government to bring renewable energy, clean energy technique effective in public level from state in climate change. Such works make clear about energy policy and can help people to find opportunities for business. Generally business firms can be engaged in public policy advocacy as
• Forming public policy strategy.
• Working to formation of tax policy for encouraging investment of public in business.
• Giving legal support for lobbying legislation
• Appearing on various government organized forums and conferences to find whether policy is public oriented or not.
Conclusion
Nepal is not an industrialized country. So there is lack of large level of businesses however small scale of business types has been daily routine of people even in rural areas. To promote business in country, government and already established larger business firms should try to bring program like self entrepreneurship. But for that government must improve current tax system and should provide security and business firm should advocate for that.
Niraj – this is a nice essay that is well-tied to Nepal. Keep up the good work!
References
∙John C. Wu, 1997: Article name: The Mineral Industry of Nepal
∙en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business
∙http://www.list-of-companies.org/Nepal/Business_Services/
∙MOAC, 2004: Annual Report of Ministry of Agriculture and Co-operatives, Nepal, 2004.
∙www.cen.org.np
∙http://www.nepal.com/real-estate/
∙http://siteresources.worldbank.org/NEPALEXTN/Resources/publications/415830-1174327112210/ch1.pdf
Solid Waste Management to Adapt Climate Change and Global Warming
Purpose
In developing country like Nepal, solid waste management has been a serious problem and we see throwing of household solid waste here and there in roads. Solid waste produce methane gas which is GHGs, causing global warming and climate change. So main purpose of project is to reduce emission of methane gas in local level in Rampur Village,Chitwan district,Nepal.My general purpose during project will be
1) To raise awareness in local peoples about climate change
2) To adapt with climate change by management of solid waste, establishing biogas plant from solid waste and incorporating organic wastes in agriculture fields.
Implementation
I will choose 10 houses randomly in way that 1 house can use wastes produced by neighbouring for collection. Thus collected wastes will be used as fuel in biogas plant, because I will establish a low cost biogas plant. Thus generated biogas can be used to cook food and lighten lamps reducing dependence upon gas retailers. In addition, houses will be educated towards better compost formation. Thus made compost will be used in field as an additive to inorganic fertilizers so that adverse effect of climate change on soil by increasing microbiological activities, can be nullified. In addition peoples especially women of the village will be made educated about solid waste management and its sustainable management in relevance to climate change so that every family can learn about this and they start to adopt it.
Expected Achievements
1) At least, research houses will start to produce electricity from solid wastes and organic manures from wastes will be used in agriculture.
2) Dependency upon gas retailers will be certainly minimised and problem of load shedding will be solved by introducing clean energy technique.
3) Other village members will also start to do same practice.
4) Production of vegetable and other crops will be increased with use of manure.
5) Methane production will be reduced in local level and income will also be generated.
Plan to measure the outcome
1) Production of electricity and dependency on gas retailers, increase in production of crop and status of other villagers will be measured by observation and questionnaire.
2) Methane is not emitted to atmosphere by this method but gas will be used to light lamp and to cook food.
In developing country like Nepal, solid waste management has been a serious problem and we see throwing of household solid waste here and there in roads. Solid waste produce methane gas which is GHGs, causing global warming and climate change. So main purpose of project is to reduce emission of methane gas in local level in Rampur Village,Chitwan district,Nepal.My general purpose during project will be
1) To raise awareness in local peoples about climate change
2) To adapt with climate change by management of solid waste, establishing biogas plant from solid waste and incorporating organic wastes in agriculture fields.
Implementation
I will choose 10 houses randomly in way that 1 house can use wastes produced by neighbouring for collection. Thus collected wastes will be used as fuel in biogas plant, because I will establish a low cost biogas plant. Thus generated biogas can be used to cook food and lighten lamps reducing dependence upon gas retailers. In addition, houses will be educated towards better compost formation. Thus made compost will be used in field as an additive to inorganic fertilizers so that adverse effect of climate change on soil by increasing microbiological activities, can be nullified. In addition peoples especially women of the village will be made educated about solid waste management and its sustainable management in relevance to climate change so that every family can learn about this and they start to adopt it.
Expected Achievements
1) At least, research houses will start to produce electricity from solid wastes and organic manures from wastes will be used in agriculture.
2) Dependency upon gas retailers will be certainly minimised and problem of load shedding will be solved by introducing clean energy technique.
3) Other village members will also start to do same practice.
4) Production of vegetable and other crops will be increased with use of manure.
5) Methane production will be reduced in local level and income will also be generated.
Plan to measure the outcome
1) Production of electricity and dependency on gas retailers, increase in production of crop and status of other villagers will be measured by observation and questionnaire.
2) Methane is not emitted to atmosphere by this method but gas will be used to light lamp and to cook food.
Youth Unemployment in Nepal
ABSTRACT
Youths are actually the pillars who give the shape to any nation, community. The history is proof that for every positive change in society, youths have played a top role. So their skills, knowledge should be considered. In case of Nepal there 1.5 million of youth major fractions of them are unemployed. Due to the lack of ample sources of employment, they are involved in drug addiction, crime and other illegal activities. Not only have these the unemployed youths are used by different political parties either in the name of YCL (Young Communist League, Nepal or Youth Force. The activities of these youth groups like firing of news paper, strikes are serious and are in opposition to the fundamentals human rights. The consequences is that everyday heavy mass of young educated and uneducated youth are leaving community, nation to foreign countries in order to find job. The youth drain rate is so enormous that a general Nepali is questioning who will lead Nepal after 30 years. Now it is time to think towards that. Youth like me can co-operate with local peoples, international organization to access money to start business and to provide employment. One example can be selling the useful material (e.g. flowers, basket etc) made from polyethylene plastics which is here and there. By such project, youth unemployment can be decreased to some extent and my organization can be an example.. But for that we should appreciate the labor of youth and Government should help the youth entrepreneur.
Keywords: Pillars, Political parties, lead, international agencies, project, polyethylene plastics, YCL
Introduction
Youth is what, that is described as follows
'Youth is like a fire
Crept forward
A spark at first
Growing into a flame
The brightening into a Blaze.
Youth are the future of any nation and the partners of today. They are peoples of age 15-24 years. They are important for any nation because history is proof that in every positive a negative transformation of country is led by youth peoples. For example in French revolution, USA revolution, Nepal's revolution for republic, the role of youth lies in top position. They played top role in these positives change as they have warm blood by virtue of which transformation of this world into a heaven is the dream of every youth. In Nepal, population of youth is 65% of total population of nation. But peoples of these age groups are seeking job. Today every youth has dream to get a fashionable job and to spend prosperous life. So in search of handsome job, we see many youths moving to one place form another place. Some are employed but still 1.5 million are either unemployed or underemployed. The rate of youth unemployment is increasing. There are several factors that are responsible for youth unemployment in my society as well as in my nation.
(1) 12 years of Maoists war
From 1994, Nepal, which was said to bring democracy just in 1989, compelled to emerge in the sea of civil war. There were two parties during that civil war. One was Government and another was Nepal Communist Party Maoists. The initial slogan of that party was to destroy old kingship and to establish communist rule in country. During war many lost their lives; many lost their beloved children, husband, wife and other relatives. Many young peoples were compelled to migrate from the Maoists vulnerable place to safe place. The safe place was urban area to some extent. In that way population of town, city like Katmandu increased, due to limited sources of employment, employment demand became quite higher than employment opportunities available. This happened because youths in town were to survive by earning themselves for they have left their home, properties in villages. That was one impact of the Maoist war on the youth while there was another impact of the war on the youth. That was many young peoples were working in the Government service sectors and security sector. Due to mental pressure from Government and Maoists side, they became compelled to leave the job. In that way my society, nation has higher rate of youth unemployment. During war, industries of sugar, oil, were seriously affected and many of them ended to work. Due to which thousands of poor Nepali youth lost their job. Cause of industries to stop function were probably problems like strikes due to which it was not possible to bring necessary raw materials from neighboring countries. Not only during that war but protests, strikes like problems are still prominent problems of my country, my society. A survey done by an international organization reported that only 12 days in six months were free of any strikes, protests, in whole Nepal. In that case even a man of common sense knows, about difficulties of industries and effects on youth. This trend is not stopped yet. Nation's biggest jute mill 'Biratnagar Jute mill' has stopped working because cadres of different political parties beg money with owner of the mill. Due to that many youths have lost their daily breads. The similar situation is that of many cement, cigarette, and etc. companies. Therefore I think in this case high rate of youth unemployment is not matter of amazement. Not only this but different cadres groups like `Gohit Samuha`,`Jwala samuha ` are still in our nation. Due to this the youths working in the Terai are either migrated or left the job..
(2) Political instability
Although my country is in peace process, there are still political conflicts between different parties. No one knows what happens in future. Due to rude behaviours of cadres of political parties, investors are frightened to invest money in newer ways of economy. Many multinational companies have already left my nation. For example international company of famous tooth pastes brands 'Colgate' was heard to leave nation 3-4 months ago .This has impact on youth. Leaving of one company means subtraction of one ways to earn money. This is of prime importance in countries like Nepal, where no. of bigger companies are fewer.
(3) Use of Traditional Knowledge and Lack of Modern Knowledge in Agriculture
Agriculture is main basis of economy of my nation and society in which 80% peoples are involved and it contributes 40% to the total national GDP. Agriculture sector has still more potential to employ youth if certain positive steps are taken towards that, Agriculture is the main sectors of employment. But agriculture is mainly of subsistence type and not durable. The establishment of agriculture enterprise, farm enterprise is found in less number as it should be in an agricultural country. Today's youth employment rate can be decreased if agriculture practices are transformed into commercial form. For example my county is the country where the livestock density is highest in whole Asia. But is importing cheese, ghee and other dairy related food materials. If these food materials are manufactured in Nepal in industrial level then number of unemployed youths can be decreased.
(4) Lack of Youths in Decision Making Process
Only youth knows problems of other youths. Either in cabinet or in national planning commission, there is dominance of old peoples who usually not bring programs that answers needs of youth. Old peoples were once young so thinking this they should bring youth favorable programs but when they become old and reach in planning position they only use youths to fulfill their needs either in the name of political ideology. National education system is such bad that it focuses on theoretical knowledge rather than practical and technical knowledge. In countries where government can generate enough employment opportunities, theoretical knowledge will be better but in case of my society, my nation where only 5, 00,000 peoples are employed in the governmental sectors, the education system should be of applied type and technical, which is not. In colleges youths are compelled to memorize each and every line in books but they are not taught where theme of these should be applied in order to make him self employed or to open door of employment.
Consequences
A. Effect to an Individual Member of Society
1. Psychological Effects
In a society/nation where more youths are unemployed, each individual member or citizen become frustrated with the status of community. Sometime and he/she figures out politician/ teachers or others as a cause for that and sometimes he finds himself as a reason of youth unemployment. But in deed he is compelled to live to live. This is so because in my society where parents teachers/keep their child thinking that after study, he will earn money and serve them. But when the younger do not get any job, they see the whole worlds ruining but do not find any sustainable solutions of that in that case many youths are compelled to suicide.
2. Trouble to Young Women
Nepalese society is male dominated society. Population of young employed female is less than the population of young employed male although the total population of young female is greater than young male. This is probably due to paternal attitude in society. The married/unmarried female who are employed is behaved in superior way then the unemployed women. The married unemployment women have to live in house limiting in the daily household works and in involving in child bearing activities. I have seen the house, where the women is employed, having only a child while the house whose the women is not employed having more than 2 even mothers are under 24 years. In this way due to the unemployment youth women who are married are compelled to live the life of machine which only produces and produces child. This happens so because the unemployed young married women are said to be dependent upon their husbands for money and money is given when she is ready to give sexual pleasure to her husband.
4. Gap between wants and fulfill of wants
The dream of every youth is to have good food, beautiful house. This is true for both the educated and uneducated youth. While the educated youths want to study in reputed university taking different subjects. In order to get good food, beautiful house, good education more money should be spent. Due to unemployment, money can not be earned to fulfill these wants. There is a proverb in Nepali i.e. "There is Gold in Lhasa but my ear is without ring". In that case this proverb and real life becomes same. Overall these consequences lead a youth to be isolated and to forget these and he becomes either drug addicted or a terrorists. This is a real fact. In our society we can see many youngsters of my age being kept in rehabilitation centers as on evidence we can focus on news of Nepal, where more than 4,008 youths are returned back to home after approval by UNMIN for not to being able to of Maoist party.
(b) Effect on Nepal
1) Brain Drain
For being a developed nation, new visions and planning are needed. Only youths especially educated possess such visions and plans. But due to unemployment and continuous political unstability, many youths are attracted towards foreign countries. They are compelled to leave nation in order to search fashionable job and good education. Similarly uneducated youths go to country like Malasyia, Saudi Arabia in order to get jobs. For example every year more than 11,000 youngsters go to U.S.A in order to achieve higher education and job. And according to U.S.Governments Nepal falls among 11 countries from where greater population of students comes to U.S. annually. Data of youths going to U.K. and other developed countries is not clear as that in U.S. This matter is serious because country is not only loosing 11,000 youths annually but it is loosing 11,000 brains that could create newer visions and new plans and there is no guarantee that all of them return to home until they are young. Data of educated student is such and population of young workers going to Saudi, Qatar is countless. So I can say that my nation is loosing both brain and strong hands to work at a time. When going to foreign they take money with them. That means property is going out of country..
In that case nation is sure to face a human resource problem. Due to brain drain, proper planning can not be formed and if formed implementation of it remains doubtful. According to Tribhuvan International Airport office, daily on an average 7oo youth fly to foreign countries. In rural areas, there are only child and old, persons who can not provide anything to nation either physically or mentally, are available. If this trend of brain drain continues, future of nation is still darker and who will be the leaders of Nepal after 30 years from today? Who will lead us? Are generally raised 2 questions.
ii. Unemployed youth: A Threat to Democracy and Human Rights
In one hand country is in transition phase and on other hand, youth unemployment percentage is high. In that case youths are used by different political parties in order to achieve aim of parties. Youngsters are grouped into different youth groups affiliated with different political parties such as Youth Communist League, Nepal, Youth force, and Tarun Dasta etc.
These youth groups belong to different political parties. Works of these youth groups are seen destructive rather than constructive. In democracy, existence of all vision, plan and group is accepted. But in my nation, one of these groups is used by mother parties in order to permit existence of other parties in that area. Due to gang fight between any of these youth groups, many youngsters are killed and many have lost their functional organs of body. Not only gangs are facing problems but even ordinary youngsters are facing these problem. Youth behaving in the principle of one political party can not enter to village by works of youths of another political party. Not only these, these youths are used by different parties to capture land and house of other peoples believing in different political parties. This type of activities of youth is in oppositions to the general principle of democracy and human rights. But this is their compulsion. By doing so, they get money to spend their life.
iii. Involvement of Youth in Illegal Works
The horn of 'one-horned Rhino' is precious and one can get heavy money if sold. The population of one-horned rhino before 4-5 years ago was higher than today. But today population of one horned rhino is decreasing. The rhinos are either killed for horn or died. But in arresting the peoples, the youths are found to do such activities. This is just an example. Many youngsters are involved in illegal business of duplicate money, drugs, thieving of statue from Temple, bank rubbery etc . . .
c. Effects on Local Community/Town
I. Young Prostitution
. "Baadi" tribe in my community is that tribe in which, the young female of age 15-20 years are made involve in sexual activities. By making involve these girls in unsafe sex behaviours, their family gets money due to which they spend their life. Due to involvement in their sex behaviours, young ladies are found to be attacked by HIV/AIDS. This is just an example but there are thousand of young females involving in prostitution. They may be both educated and uneducated.
ii. Involvement of Youth in Unmanaged Plotting of Lands
Today the business of plotting lands for selling is proven quite successful. This is good for because less sweat is needed to find land in order to buy. But now days I am seeing fertile lands are even plotted to sell. In my community, fertile agriculture land is broken into small pieces and sold. This is not only the problem of my society but of my nation as whole where the fertile cultivated lands of major cities are under plotting and in this business, youngster are also involved. I think if this rate of plotting of cultivable lands continues where to grow crops? Will be a common question. It is not possible that in lack of cultivable lands due to plotting business, the condition where one kills his/her hunger by eating other human being is not impossible to come to my community/my nation.
iii. Human Trafficking/Girl Trafficking
Due to unemployment and political transition, young peoples are in need of job. In other hands due to weak capacity of administration, various agents for girl trafficking are present in our community. They attract gentle young girls and boys of rural area saying they will get fashionable job if he/she goes with them. With the girls, they practice the drama of artificial marriage and bring them in Bombay 'India' where these innocent girls are sold for prostitution and these agents receive money. While the younger people are sent to the countries like Iraq where the Nepal government has banned to send the Nepali labor. In such countries they face different struggles. Before 4-5 years ago 12 Nepali younger men were killed by a Muslim gang named 'Al-sunna'. It was quite dreadful. The similar events are still happening in our society. Actually these 12 Nepali youths were sent there by various agents. That was also a result of youth unemployment in own land. Not only these but many youngsters are brought to different countries where their organs of body like liver, kidney are removed from body and sold. Thus `Human Rights Watch` had warned Nepal towards that before one year ago.
iv. Involvement of Youth in Crime and Drug Addiction
v. Youth unemployment: A Threat to Stable Society.
The youths of todays are the parents of tomorrow, leaders in tomorrow. When youths fall in bad habits due to unemployment due to above reasons, then this creates direct effect on society. Malthus had said that when the population becomes higher, then there is struggle for food, land and every facility which in turn results in the condition when nature itself burst. In the same way in the community like mine where the youth unemployment is higher, fight between youths for small opportunity, food, water, health service becomes necessary. In that competition certain population may get facilities but the youths who do not get any opportunity are compelled to raise gun in the name of food and in the name of employment. This is not fiction but real fact. This type of phenomenon ultimately keeps stable society under threat. For example many youths practice ban robbery in order to find money for livelihoods. This type of news becomes heading of National dailies frequently.
Role of Youths
An educated youth in countries like Nepal where youth unemployment problem is prominent can do very responsible things. We do not have to think of establishing a helicopter company that will provide employment to millions of youth and implementation of practical knowledge we have, is enough for eradicating youth unemployment. I also work in organization named 'Peace for Development' in Sindhuli district. Being worked in that organization, several knowledge's are gained. Today our road is covered with the polyethylene plastics, fields of universities are also covered with polythene plastics. Not only these, but even in hospital areas we can see the polyethylene bag here and there. These polyethylene bags can be a means of earning money if we youth focus on these. The polyethylene plastics can be used in formation of hands knitted ladies bags, flower, baskets etc. These materials are just examples that we can manufacture from the polyethylene. As thus made materials look beautiful these materials can be brought to local market or tourist area where these materials can be sold.
By selling there materials some money can be earned. We had organized a training program to teach the unemployed youth about the manufacture of baskets, flower and ladies bag from these polyethylene plastics. Some of the youth women who attended training are saying that they are earning an average money of NRs. 500/day ($1= NRs. 73). This means they are earning monthly average money of $205.5 approx. This type of projects has two benefits one is that unemployed youth either they are man or woman can be engaged and they can earn money and second is that the degradation of environment caused due to the haphazardly throwing of plastic can be prevented i.e. the beauty of nature can be conserved. By this type of project the soul of sustainable development can be achieved. The training was organized by our organization `Peace for Development`. Actually this organization is youth led organization established on the effort of youths of diverse fields e.g. I am an agriculture students, others are from forestry, engineering etc. why youth should organize such plastic training program can be a possible question. This is because we are the youth of that generation who have to achieve the millennium development goals and conservation of our environment is also necessary. In the training more than 80 young women had participated. More than 50 are engaged in that business. For collecting polyethylene plastic a group of young women who are unemployed is made and collection is made on the daily routine basis. The manufacture process of useful materials is very easy. Management for the transport of these manufactured materials is done by our organizations. Main market of these products is local town and headquarters of zone. While doing these types of works, helps of other youth led organization becomes necessary as our organization which is just established may not have all the technical and financial resources. In that case the peers can make broader these types of fields and networking of organization can be formed by the virtue of which demand of organization can be fulfilled and the focus of the other organization can also be brought towards these. The monthly earning of $205.5 takes an important meaning in a society where thousands of youths are not able to earn $1/day. From price of $205.5 the fundamental needs of family having 6 members can be fulfilled and this creates a platform for the newer generation to think ahead of this. Not only this we can collaborate with various international and national agencies in bringing the developmental works. For example my district 'Sindhuli' is well known for the production of 'Sweet orange' and 'Orange' over nation. There was not any storehouse of these fruits before. But we are in process of establishing 'fruit store house' in head quarters of my district. The Japanese International Co-operation Association (JICA) has agreed to provide financial assistance. The agreement was signed by the Japanese Ambassador to Nepal and president of `Sindhuli Sweet Orange association`. Some of youths are already in Japan to learn about the techniques and manufacture of quality juice from sweet orange. After the formation of this storehouse, we have believed that youth unemployment can be decreased to some extent. The 'Sindhuli sweet orange association' is also led by youth.
Problems of Youth in Labor Market
:
• Difference in Wage:
Although, youngsters do same work as is done by the older, they get fewer wages. In case of young women, she gets as half as her colleagues male youth get. This is serious problem. This has created fraction among the labors and appreciation of work is not found.
• Socio-economic Barriers
Our traditional society is such that only youths capable of driving pen is regarded as youth and the labor youths are watched as a third persons. This is in directly opposition to human rights. If the children of someone play with child of labors, then the parents of former tell their children not to play with child of labor. Similarly the labor youths are regarded as bad person in the society.
• Unlimited Boundary of Works with in Limited Boundary of Money
I have heard that human needs 8 hours of works, 8 hours of entertainment, and 8 hours of sleep. But in t hotels or companies' youths even of age 15 years, who has not understood to live and the meaning of life, is made compelled to work for 14 hours/day. In return he/she will get only to low quality food to eat, but he will never get a TV to watch and a book to study.
Tacking Difficulties in Accessing Capital
In a developing nation like Nepal where these is lack of capital, it is quite difficult to get money to start a business or to establish an organization by youth. Only after reaching 18 years, a youth becomes citizen of the nation. So before becoming citizen there is no chance to get service, financial aid from the governmental sectors. But youths who are over 18 years can start business. Let me describe again about the 'Sindhuli Sweet Orange Association'. It was established by youths of age 18-20 years some years ago. Firstly members of the association paid some money. But later they urged local peoples to help them. So my family also gave them some money to start up organization. In 'Tihar', a second greatest festival of Hindu, a special rituals 'Deusi' is played where a group of youths dance, sing in front of houses and in turn they get money from the house owner. Youth members of that association also did that in order to get money for organization. This trend continued for 4-5 years. According to them, that practices became quite beneficial to them. After collecting some money, association started to store orange' and sweet orange in small house made in small price. Later they started to manufacture juice from these fruits on the basis of local knowledge and equipments. Now these products are sold in district and even in capital Kathmandu. Now the organization is to establish a big store station on aid of JICA, Nepal. So for accessing the money to start any business needs continued works, help of locals as well as other international organizations.
References
•http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/kailash/pdf/kailash_16_0304_02.pdf
•http://advocacynet.org/wordpress-mu/imehmood/blog/2009/07/10/women-in-nepal-face-discrimination-from-the-womb/
• For work of My organization `Peace for Development` and `Sindhuli Sweet Orange Assosciation email can be sent at pfdnepal@gmail.com as these do not have websites.
• http://www.unmin.org.np/?d=activities&p=arms
•http://www.wsws.org/articles/2004/sep2004/iraq-s02.shtml
•linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1049007807000577
•www.popcouncil.org/pdfs/horizons/traffickingsum1.pdf
• www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/nepal/terroristoutfits/jtmmj.html
•http://www.cctv.com/video/asiatoday/2007/01/asiatoday_128_20070119_2.shtml
Youths are actually the pillars who give the shape to any nation, community. The history is proof that for every positive change in society, youths have played a top role. So their skills, knowledge should be considered. In case of Nepal there 1.5 million of youth major fractions of them are unemployed. Due to the lack of ample sources of employment, they are involved in drug addiction, crime and other illegal activities. Not only have these the unemployed youths are used by different political parties either in the name of YCL (Young Communist League, Nepal or Youth Force. The activities of these youth groups like firing of news paper, strikes are serious and are in opposition to the fundamentals human rights. The consequences is that everyday heavy mass of young educated and uneducated youth are leaving community, nation to foreign countries in order to find job. The youth drain rate is so enormous that a general Nepali is questioning who will lead Nepal after 30 years. Now it is time to think towards that. Youth like me can co-operate with local peoples, international organization to access money to start business and to provide employment. One example can be selling the useful material (e.g. flowers, basket etc) made from polyethylene plastics which is here and there. By such project, youth unemployment can be decreased to some extent and my organization can be an example.. But for that we should appreciate the labor of youth and Government should help the youth entrepreneur.
Keywords: Pillars, Political parties, lead, international agencies, project, polyethylene plastics, YCL
Introduction
Youth is what, that is described as follows
'Youth is like a fire
Crept forward
A spark at first
Growing into a flame
The brightening into a Blaze.
Youth are the future of any nation and the partners of today. They are peoples of age 15-24 years. They are important for any nation because history is proof that in every positive a negative transformation of country is led by youth peoples. For example in French revolution, USA revolution, Nepal's revolution for republic, the role of youth lies in top position. They played top role in these positives change as they have warm blood by virtue of which transformation of this world into a heaven is the dream of every youth. In Nepal, population of youth is 65% of total population of nation. But peoples of these age groups are seeking job. Today every youth has dream to get a fashionable job and to spend prosperous life. So in search of handsome job, we see many youths moving to one place form another place. Some are employed but still 1.5 million are either unemployed or underemployed. The rate of youth unemployment is increasing. There are several factors that are responsible for youth unemployment in my society as well as in my nation.
(1) 12 years of Maoists war
From 1994, Nepal, which was said to bring democracy just in 1989, compelled to emerge in the sea of civil war. There were two parties during that civil war. One was Government and another was Nepal Communist Party Maoists. The initial slogan of that party was to destroy old kingship and to establish communist rule in country. During war many lost their lives; many lost their beloved children, husband, wife and other relatives. Many young peoples were compelled to migrate from the Maoists vulnerable place to safe place. The safe place was urban area to some extent. In that way population of town, city like Katmandu increased, due to limited sources of employment, employment demand became quite higher than employment opportunities available. This happened because youths in town were to survive by earning themselves for they have left their home, properties in villages. That was one impact of the Maoist war on the youth while there was another impact of the war on the youth. That was many young peoples were working in the Government service sectors and security sector. Due to mental pressure from Government and Maoists side, they became compelled to leave the job. In that way my society, nation has higher rate of youth unemployment. During war, industries of sugar, oil, were seriously affected and many of them ended to work. Due to which thousands of poor Nepali youth lost their job. Cause of industries to stop function were probably problems like strikes due to which it was not possible to bring necessary raw materials from neighboring countries. Not only during that war but protests, strikes like problems are still prominent problems of my country, my society. A survey done by an international organization reported that only 12 days in six months were free of any strikes, protests, in whole Nepal. In that case even a man of common sense knows, about difficulties of industries and effects on youth. This trend is not stopped yet. Nation's biggest jute mill 'Biratnagar Jute mill' has stopped working because cadres of different political parties beg money with owner of the mill. Due to that many youths have lost their daily breads. The similar situation is that of many cement, cigarette, and etc. companies. Therefore I think in this case high rate of youth unemployment is not matter of amazement. Not only this but different cadres groups like `Gohit Samuha`,`Jwala samuha ` are still in our nation. Due to this the youths working in the Terai are either migrated or left the job..
(2) Political instability
Although my country is in peace process, there are still political conflicts between different parties. No one knows what happens in future. Due to rude behaviours of cadres of political parties, investors are frightened to invest money in newer ways of economy. Many multinational companies have already left my nation. For example international company of famous tooth pastes brands 'Colgate' was heard to leave nation 3-4 months ago .This has impact on youth. Leaving of one company means subtraction of one ways to earn money. This is of prime importance in countries like Nepal, where no. of bigger companies are fewer.
(3) Use of Traditional Knowledge and Lack of Modern Knowledge in Agriculture
Agriculture is main basis of economy of my nation and society in which 80% peoples are involved and it contributes 40% to the total national GDP. Agriculture sector has still more potential to employ youth if certain positive steps are taken towards that, Agriculture is the main sectors of employment. But agriculture is mainly of subsistence type and not durable. The establishment of agriculture enterprise, farm enterprise is found in less number as it should be in an agricultural country. Today's youth employment rate can be decreased if agriculture practices are transformed into commercial form. For example my county is the country where the livestock density is highest in whole Asia. But is importing cheese, ghee and other dairy related food materials. If these food materials are manufactured in Nepal in industrial level then number of unemployed youths can be decreased.
(4) Lack of Youths in Decision Making Process
Only youth knows problems of other youths. Either in cabinet or in national planning commission, there is dominance of old peoples who usually not bring programs that answers needs of youth. Old peoples were once young so thinking this they should bring youth favorable programs but when they become old and reach in planning position they only use youths to fulfill their needs either in the name of political ideology. National education system is such bad that it focuses on theoretical knowledge rather than practical and technical knowledge. In countries where government can generate enough employment opportunities, theoretical knowledge will be better but in case of my society, my nation where only 5, 00,000 peoples are employed in the governmental sectors, the education system should be of applied type and technical, which is not. In colleges youths are compelled to memorize each and every line in books but they are not taught where theme of these should be applied in order to make him self employed or to open door of employment.
Consequences
A. Effect to an Individual Member of Society
1. Psychological Effects
In a society/nation where more youths are unemployed, each individual member or citizen become frustrated with the status of community. Sometime and he/she figures out politician/ teachers or others as a cause for that and sometimes he finds himself as a reason of youth unemployment. But in deed he is compelled to live to live. This is so because in my society where parents teachers/keep their child thinking that after study, he will earn money and serve them. But when the younger do not get any job, they see the whole worlds ruining but do not find any sustainable solutions of that in that case many youths are compelled to suicide.
2. Trouble to Young Women
Nepalese society is male dominated society. Population of young employed female is less than the population of young employed male although the total population of young female is greater than young male. This is probably due to paternal attitude in society. The married/unmarried female who are employed is behaved in superior way then the unemployed women. The married unemployment women have to live in house limiting in the daily household works and in involving in child bearing activities. I have seen the house, where the women is employed, having only a child while the house whose the women is not employed having more than 2 even mothers are under 24 years. In this way due to the unemployment youth women who are married are compelled to live the life of machine which only produces and produces child. This happens so because the unemployed young married women are said to be dependent upon their husbands for money and money is given when she is ready to give sexual pleasure to her husband.
4. Gap between wants and fulfill of wants
The dream of every youth is to have good food, beautiful house. This is true for both the educated and uneducated youth. While the educated youths want to study in reputed university taking different subjects. In order to get good food, beautiful house, good education more money should be spent. Due to unemployment, money can not be earned to fulfill these wants. There is a proverb in Nepali i.e. "There is Gold in Lhasa but my ear is without ring". In that case this proverb and real life becomes same. Overall these consequences lead a youth to be isolated and to forget these and he becomes either drug addicted or a terrorists. This is a real fact. In our society we can see many youngsters of my age being kept in rehabilitation centers as on evidence we can focus on news of Nepal, where more than 4,008 youths are returned back to home after approval by UNMIN for not to being able to of Maoist party.
(b) Effect on Nepal
1) Brain Drain
For being a developed nation, new visions and planning are needed. Only youths especially educated possess such visions and plans. But due to unemployment and continuous political unstability, many youths are attracted towards foreign countries. They are compelled to leave nation in order to search fashionable job and good education. Similarly uneducated youths go to country like Malasyia, Saudi Arabia in order to get jobs. For example every year more than 11,000 youngsters go to U.S.A in order to achieve higher education and job. And according to U.S.Governments Nepal falls among 11 countries from where greater population of students comes to U.S. annually. Data of youths going to U.K. and other developed countries is not clear as that in U.S. This matter is serious because country is not only loosing 11,000 youths annually but it is loosing 11,000 brains that could create newer visions and new plans and there is no guarantee that all of them return to home until they are young. Data of educated student is such and population of young workers going to Saudi, Qatar is countless. So I can say that my nation is loosing both brain and strong hands to work at a time. When going to foreign they take money with them. That means property is going out of country..
In that case nation is sure to face a human resource problem. Due to brain drain, proper planning can not be formed and if formed implementation of it remains doubtful. According to Tribhuvan International Airport office, daily on an average 7oo youth fly to foreign countries. In rural areas, there are only child and old, persons who can not provide anything to nation either physically or mentally, are available. If this trend of brain drain continues, future of nation is still darker and who will be the leaders of Nepal after 30 years from today? Who will lead us? Are generally raised 2 questions.
ii. Unemployed youth: A Threat to Democracy and Human Rights
In one hand country is in transition phase and on other hand, youth unemployment percentage is high. In that case youths are used by different political parties in order to achieve aim of parties. Youngsters are grouped into different youth groups affiliated with different political parties such as Youth Communist League, Nepal, Youth force, and Tarun Dasta etc.
These youth groups belong to different political parties. Works of these youth groups are seen destructive rather than constructive. In democracy, existence of all vision, plan and group is accepted. But in my nation, one of these groups is used by mother parties in order to permit existence of other parties in that area. Due to gang fight between any of these youth groups, many youngsters are killed and many have lost their functional organs of body. Not only gangs are facing problems but even ordinary youngsters are facing these problem. Youth behaving in the principle of one political party can not enter to village by works of youths of another political party. Not only these, these youths are used by different parties to capture land and house of other peoples believing in different political parties. This type of activities of youth is in oppositions to the general principle of democracy and human rights. But this is their compulsion. By doing so, they get money to spend their life.
iii. Involvement of Youth in Illegal Works
The horn of 'one-horned Rhino' is precious and one can get heavy money if sold. The population of one-horned rhino before 4-5 years ago was higher than today. But today population of one horned rhino is decreasing. The rhinos are either killed for horn or died. But in arresting the peoples, the youths are found to do such activities. This is just an example. Many youngsters are involved in illegal business of duplicate money, drugs, thieving of statue from Temple, bank rubbery etc . . .
c. Effects on Local Community/Town
I. Young Prostitution
. "Baadi" tribe in my community is that tribe in which, the young female of age 15-20 years are made involve in sexual activities. By making involve these girls in unsafe sex behaviours, their family gets money due to which they spend their life. Due to involvement in their sex behaviours, young ladies are found to be attacked by HIV/AIDS. This is just an example but there are thousand of young females involving in prostitution. They may be both educated and uneducated.
ii. Involvement of Youth in Unmanaged Plotting of Lands
Today the business of plotting lands for selling is proven quite successful. This is good for because less sweat is needed to find land in order to buy. But now days I am seeing fertile lands are even plotted to sell. In my community, fertile agriculture land is broken into small pieces and sold. This is not only the problem of my society but of my nation as whole where the fertile cultivated lands of major cities are under plotting and in this business, youngster are also involved. I think if this rate of plotting of cultivable lands continues where to grow crops? Will be a common question. It is not possible that in lack of cultivable lands due to plotting business, the condition where one kills his/her hunger by eating other human being is not impossible to come to my community/my nation.
iii. Human Trafficking/Girl Trafficking
Due to unemployment and political transition, young peoples are in need of job. In other hands due to weak capacity of administration, various agents for girl trafficking are present in our community. They attract gentle young girls and boys of rural area saying they will get fashionable job if he/she goes with them. With the girls, they practice the drama of artificial marriage and bring them in Bombay 'India' where these innocent girls are sold for prostitution and these agents receive money. While the younger people are sent to the countries like Iraq where the Nepal government has banned to send the Nepali labor. In such countries they face different struggles. Before 4-5 years ago 12 Nepali younger men were killed by a Muslim gang named 'Al-sunna'. It was quite dreadful. The similar events are still happening in our society. Actually these 12 Nepali youths were sent there by various agents. That was also a result of youth unemployment in own land. Not only these but many youngsters are brought to different countries where their organs of body like liver, kidney are removed from body and sold. Thus `Human Rights Watch` had warned Nepal towards that before one year ago.
iv. Involvement of Youth in Crime and Drug Addiction
v. Youth unemployment: A Threat to Stable Society.
The youths of todays are the parents of tomorrow, leaders in tomorrow. When youths fall in bad habits due to unemployment due to above reasons, then this creates direct effect on society. Malthus had said that when the population becomes higher, then there is struggle for food, land and every facility which in turn results in the condition when nature itself burst. In the same way in the community like mine where the youth unemployment is higher, fight between youths for small opportunity, food, water, health service becomes necessary. In that competition certain population may get facilities but the youths who do not get any opportunity are compelled to raise gun in the name of food and in the name of employment. This is not fiction but real fact. This type of phenomenon ultimately keeps stable society under threat. For example many youths practice ban robbery in order to find money for livelihoods. This type of news becomes heading of National dailies frequently.
Role of Youths
An educated youth in countries like Nepal where youth unemployment problem is prominent can do very responsible things. We do not have to think of establishing a helicopter company that will provide employment to millions of youth and implementation of practical knowledge we have, is enough for eradicating youth unemployment. I also work in organization named 'Peace for Development' in Sindhuli district. Being worked in that organization, several knowledge's are gained. Today our road is covered with the polyethylene plastics, fields of universities are also covered with polythene plastics. Not only these, but even in hospital areas we can see the polyethylene bag here and there. These polyethylene bags can be a means of earning money if we youth focus on these. The polyethylene plastics can be used in formation of hands knitted ladies bags, flower, baskets etc. These materials are just examples that we can manufacture from the polyethylene. As thus made materials look beautiful these materials can be brought to local market or tourist area where these materials can be sold.
By selling there materials some money can be earned. We had organized a training program to teach the unemployed youth about the manufacture of baskets, flower and ladies bag from these polyethylene plastics. Some of the youth women who attended training are saying that they are earning an average money of NRs. 500/day ($1= NRs. 73). This means they are earning monthly average money of $205.5 approx. This type of projects has two benefits one is that unemployed youth either they are man or woman can be engaged and they can earn money and second is that the degradation of environment caused due to the haphazardly throwing of plastic can be prevented i.e. the beauty of nature can be conserved. By this type of project the soul of sustainable development can be achieved. The training was organized by our organization `Peace for Development`. Actually this organization is youth led organization established on the effort of youths of diverse fields e.g. I am an agriculture students, others are from forestry, engineering etc. why youth should organize such plastic training program can be a possible question. This is because we are the youth of that generation who have to achieve the millennium development goals and conservation of our environment is also necessary. In the training more than 80 young women had participated. More than 50 are engaged in that business. For collecting polyethylene plastic a group of young women who are unemployed is made and collection is made on the daily routine basis. The manufacture process of useful materials is very easy. Management for the transport of these manufactured materials is done by our organizations. Main market of these products is local town and headquarters of zone. While doing these types of works, helps of other youth led organization becomes necessary as our organization which is just established may not have all the technical and financial resources. In that case the peers can make broader these types of fields and networking of organization can be formed by the virtue of which demand of organization can be fulfilled and the focus of the other organization can also be brought towards these. The monthly earning of $205.5 takes an important meaning in a society where thousands of youths are not able to earn $1/day. From price of $205.5 the fundamental needs of family having 6 members can be fulfilled and this creates a platform for the newer generation to think ahead of this. Not only this we can collaborate with various international and national agencies in bringing the developmental works. For example my district 'Sindhuli' is well known for the production of 'Sweet orange' and 'Orange' over nation. There was not any storehouse of these fruits before. But we are in process of establishing 'fruit store house' in head quarters of my district. The Japanese International Co-operation Association (JICA) has agreed to provide financial assistance. The agreement was signed by the Japanese Ambassador to Nepal and president of `Sindhuli Sweet Orange association`. Some of youths are already in Japan to learn about the techniques and manufacture of quality juice from sweet orange. After the formation of this storehouse, we have believed that youth unemployment can be decreased to some extent. The 'Sindhuli sweet orange association' is also led by youth.
Problems of Youth in Labor Market
:
• Difference in Wage:
Although, youngsters do same work as is done by the older, they get fewer wages. In case of young women, she gets as half as her colleagues male youth get. This is serious problem. This has created fraction among the labors and appreciation of work is not found.
• Socio-economic Barriers
Our traditional society is such that only youths capable of driving pen is regarded as youth and the labor youths are watched as a third persons. This is in directly opposition to human rights. If the children of someone play with child of labors, then the parents of former tell their children not to play with child of labor. Similarly the labor youths are regarded as bad person in the society.
• Unlimited Boundary of Works with in Limited Boundary of Money
I have heard that human needs 8 hours of works, 8 hours of entertainment, and 8 hours of sleep. But in t hotels or companies' youths even of age 15 years, who has not understood to live and the meaning of life, is made compelled to work for 14 hours/day. In return he/she will get only to low quality food to eat, but he will never get a TV to watch and a book to study.
Tacking Difficulties in Accessing Capital
In a developing nation like Nepal where these is lack of capital, it is quite difficult to get money to start a business or to establish an organization by youth. Only after reaching 18 years, a youth becomes citizen of the nation. So before becoming citizen there is no chance to get service, financial aid from the governmental sectors. But youths who are over 18 years can start business. Let me describe again about the 'Sindhuli Sweet Orange Association'. It was established by youths of age 18-20 years some years ago. Firstly members of the association paid some money. But later they urged local peoples to help them. So my family also gave them some money to start up organization. In 'Tihar', a second greatest festival of Hindu, a special rituals 'Deusi' is played where a group of youths dance, sing in front of houses and in turn they get money from the house owner. Youth members of that association also did that in order to get money for organization. This trend continued for 4-5 years. According to them, that practices became quite beneficial to them. After collecting some money, association started to store orange' and sweet orange in small house made in small price. Later they started to manufacture juice from these fruits on the basis of local knowledge and equipments. Now these products are sold in district and even in capital Kathmandu. Now the organization is to establish a big store station on aid of JICA, Nepal. So for accessing the money to start any business needs continued works, help of locals as well as other international organizations.
References
•http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/kailash/pdf/kailash_16_0304_02.pdf
•http://advocacynet.org/wordpress-mu/imehmood/blog/2009/07/10/women-in-nepal-face-discrimination-from-the-womb/
• For work of My organization `Peace for Development` and `Sindhuli Sweet Orange Assosciation email can be sent at pfdnepal@gmail.com as these do not have websites.
• http://www.unmin.org.np/?d=activities&p=arms
•http://www.wsws.org/articles/2004/sep2004/iraq-s02.shtml
•linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1049007807000577
•www.popcouncil.org/pdfs/horizons/traffickingsum1.pdf
• www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/nepal/terroristoutfits/jtmmj.html
•http://www.cctv.com/video/asiatoday/2007/01/asiatoday_128_20070119_2.shtml
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